PHYSIOLOGY EXTENSION TODAY

1. .The term "renal autoregulation" refers in part to the fact that 

               A. the kidney does not require blood flow to sustain its active transport 

               B. the kidney contains baroreceptors (pressure receptors) that contribute to the regulation of                 cardiac output 

               C. renal blood flow is relatively constant over a wide range of systemic arterial pressures 

               D. renal blood flow is not affected by activation of the sympathetic nerves that innervate the                 kidney

               E. a combination of both C and D above 

 2. The nerves that innervate the kidney are essential for regulating which of the following? 

               A. Na-K-ATPase active transport pump rate 

               B. renal autoregulation of blood flow 

               C. urine volume and tonicity (osmolality) 

               D. all of the above 

               E. none of the above 

 3. Which of the following would be expected to cause renal inulin (or creatinine) clearance to increase? 

               A. dilation of the afferent arteriole 

               B. dilation of the efferent arteriole 

               C. constriction of the afferent arteriole 

               D. constriction of the efferent arteriole 

               E. both A and D above 

 4. Kidney inflammation may result in the appearance of albumin (a plasma protein) in the urine because

               A. more albumin enters the proximal tubule in the glomerular filtrate

               B. reabsorption of albumin from the proximal tubule is inhibited 

               C. secretion of albumin into the distal tubule and collecting ducts is increased

               D. increased peritubular blood flow makes more albumin available for diffusion into the                      tubule 

               E. reduced active transport of sodium ion reduces cotransport of other substances, including                albumin 

 5. As blood passes along the glomerular capillaries from the afferent to efferent arteriole, the net filtration pressure (DP - Dp) 

              A. increases 

              B. decreases 

              C. first decreases, reaches a minimum about half way along the capillary, then increases

              D. first increases, reaches a maximum about half way along the capillary, then decreases

              E. remains constant

 6. Sodium is actively reabsorbed from the renal tubule in which of the following nephron segments?               A. proximal tubule 

              B. distal tubule 

              C. thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle 

              D. all of the above 

              E. none of the above 

 7. The rate of water reabsorption from the proximal tubule is determined primarily by the 

              A. rate of dissolved particle (solute) reabsorption from the proximal tubule 

              B. concentration of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the blood 

              C. osmotic pressure developed by plasma proteins in the proximal tubule

              D. active transport of water molecules by the proximal tubule cells 

              E. passive filtration due to the high hydrostatic pressure in the proximal tubule 

 8. Urea has a higher concentration in the fluid that leaves the proximal tubule (and enters the loop of Henle) than in blood plasma because 

              A. urea is synthesized by proximal tubule cells 

              B. urea is secreted into the proximal tubule

              C. urea is reabsorbed from the proximal tubule but at a lesser rate that water is reabsorbed

              D. urea diffuses back into the proximal tubule because of the high urea concentration in the                 renal medulla

              E. urea is actively transported into Bowman's capsule from the glomerular capillaries 

 9. In the proximal tubule, penicillin is 

              A. actively secreted into the tubule 

              B. actively reabsorbed from the tubule 

              C. passively reabsorbed from the tubule

              D. metabolized by the tubule cells 

              E. neither secreted nor reabsorbed nor metabolized 

 10. At which sites would the concentration of creatinine be expected to be highest? (Note: assume the person is normally hydrated.)

             A. glomerular filtrate 

             B. end of the proximal tubule 

             C. end of the loop of Henle 

             D. urine 

             E. the concentration would be the same in all of the above, since creatinine is neither secreted               or reabsorbed 

 11. Suppose a person loses the function of half his nephrons because of renal degenerative disease. Assuming the person survives and reaches a new steady state and that body urea production remains normal, which of the following would be expected to decrease below normal? 

            A. plasma urea concentration 

            B. renal urea excretion 

            C. renal urea clearance 

            D. urine urea concentration

            E. all of the above 

 12. The following values are measured for potassium ion in a human subject. Plasma K+ 5 meq/liter Urine K+ 50 meq/liter Renal creatinine clearance 80 ml/min Urine formation rate 1.5 ml/minute This patient's potassium clearance is closest to which of the following? 

             A. 5 ml/minute

             B. 7.5 ml/minute 

             C. 15 ml/minute 

             D. 50 ml/minute

             E. 75 ml/minute 

 13. Assuming the subject in the preceding question is a normal adult, we can conclude that most likely potassium is 

              A. filtered but not secreted or reabsorbed

              B. secreted but not filtered or reabsorbed 

              C. reabsorbed but not secreted or filtered 

              D. filtered and secreted 

              E. filtered and reabsorbed

these are gues qn for physiology cat 1 exam

1. afferent arteriole receive blood from what vessel
2. what is function of mesangial cell
3. structure enter and leave at what area on kidney
4. what is cardiac output received by kidney
5. describe juxtaglomerular apparatus

MBBS vs MD:

Different professions require different educational qualifications to be fulfilled in order for the individuals to be qualified as a professional in their respective fields. The medical profession is no exception when it comes to the various degrees that need to be acquired by the individuals prior to them being acknowledged as professionals. MBBS and MD are two such degrees that are required for medical professionals to be acknowledged as doctors. However, several differences exist between these two degrees which give them each the uniqueness that they possess as individual degrees.

What is MBBS?
MBBS is an undergraduate degree which stands for Bachelor of Medicine Bachelor of Surgery. After the completion of a MBBS, an individual becomes eligible to practice as a doctor or a physician. A MBBS is considered as a basic qualification which usually lasts for over four and half years during which the students go through many aspects of medicine and training in basically all branches of medicine. Therefore, a MBBS is considered as more of a general degree in medicine.

What is MD?
MD is a Masters or a postgraduate level degree that stands for Doctor of Medicine. It is a specialization course which can be completed within the course of two years and for this degree, a student is required to specialize in areas such as pediatrics, gynecology, obstetrics, ophthalmology, dentistry and etc where a highly practical training will be provided specifically on the area of expertise that they choose.

What is the difference between MD and MBBS?
MD and MBBS are both medical degrees that are intended for professionals of the medical field and yet, they are very different from one another with regards to many aspects. A MBBS is considered as a basic undergraduate degree which needs to be completed in order for a student to be qualified as a practicing physician or a doctor whereas a MD is more of a specialized Masters or a Postgraduate level degree that is obtained by individuals who wish to further specialize in the field.

A MBBS usually takes the time of about four and half years to be achieved whereas a MD only takes up the time period of two years to be completed. Also, MBBS is more of a general degree where every aspect and branch of medicine will be touched during its course whereas MD is more of a specialized degree where a student reading for one is required to specialize in a specific branch of medicine of his or her choice. Another factor which differentiates the two is that while a MBBS is more focused upon theory, a MD is more concentrated upon practical training. However, for the completion of both the degrees, many universities and institutions require the submission of a thesis or a dissertation as mandatory.

However, in order to achieve a MD, one needs to first complete a MBBS. In fact, in order to qualify for any postgraduate or a Masters degree, one needs to first be in possession of a MBBS degree. Therefore, a MBBS serves as the most basic qualification for a medical professional to engage in higher studies or to practice as a doctor or a physician.

Read more http://www.wikidifference.com/difference-between-mb

                                     REVIEW CONCEPT IN BIOCHEMISTRY

1. why tricarboxylic cycle is termed as amphibolic
2. explain regulatory mechanism of tca and glycolysis
3. differentiate between diabetic mellitus and diabetic insipidus
4. explain mechanism performed by antioxidant to eliminate free radicals .Provide example
5. explain three unique reaction of gluconeogenesis using pyruvate as precursor
6. what role of biotin in gluconeogenesis

stenal angle is angle between manubirum and body of sternum it mark important feature clinicaly follows video will educate you more about this angle

                             TEST YOURSELF ON ANATOMY OF RIB

1 what is function of folows part as described on typical rib structure

• costo groove
• costotransverse ligament
• costoangle
• smooth part of tubecle

2 what are clinical use of second intercostol space

3 what you understand by folked rib

typical rib-these are rib which are similar in morphology
diagramatic the typical rib are seen as follows

follows are part of typical rib

• head which is wedge shaped with two articular facet for two adjacent vertebrae
• neck this connect head and tubercle
• tubercle with articular part smooth surface articulating with transverse process of transverse process of inferior vertebrae and rough part at level of tubercle for attachment of costotransverse ligament which hold rib   to transverse process of vertebra
• body this is thin and curved at point of costo angle where rib turn anterolateraly body is thin and it had spongy part site for hematopoiesis

picture showing rib articulation

rib articulate anterior via costo cartilage to sternum and posterior with vertebrae thorax vetebrae